Factors associated with stunting in children aged under five years: A systematic review
Abstract
Background: Nutritional intake determines the future growth and development of children under five.
Objectives: This article aims to analyze the direct and indirect determinants of stunting.
Methods: Systematic literature review selected from Scient Direct, Taylor & Francis, ProQuest, Wiley Online Library, and Pubmed. Publication years: Post-2017. Articles will be selected using PRISMA (Preferred. Reporting Items for Systematic. Reviews and Meta-analyses).
Result: The direct factors causing stunting include boys (aOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1-4.2) and low birth weight (aOR 2.55; 95% CI 2.05–3.15). Indirect factors include low socioeconomic (aOR = 5.41, 95% CI 3.91–7.48); low education (aOR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.26–5.17); pregnancy interval (AOR 0.71; 95% CI 0.58-0.87); and physical violence against mothers (aOR 1.83; 95% CI 1.21-2.77).
Conclusions: The causes of stunting include child and other factors. Factors outside the child have more variations, including maternal, nutritional, and environmental factors.
References
REFERENCES
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3. Schrijner S, Smits J. Grandparents and Children’s stunting in sub-Saharan Africa. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2018 May;205(October 2017):90–8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953618301552
4. Mustakim MRD, Irwanto, Irawan R, Irmawati M, Setyoboedi B. Impact of Stunting on Development of Children between 1-3 Years of Age. Ethiop J Health Sci [Internet]. 2022 May;32(3):569–78. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35813667
5. Dipasquale V, Cucinotta U, Romano C. Acute Malnutrition in Children: Pathophysiology, Clinical Effects and Treatment. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 Aug 12;12(8):2413. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32806622
6. Fenta HM, Workie DL, Zike DT, Taye BW, Swain PK. Determinants of stunting among under-five years children in Ethiopia from the 2016 Ethiopia demographic and Health Survey: Application of ordinal logistic regression model using complex sampling designs. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal [Internet]. 2020 Jun;8(2):404–13. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213398419303823
7. Mugianti S, Mulyadi A, Anam AK, Najah ZL. Causes of Stunting Children Age 25-60 Months in Kota Blitar District Sukorejo. J Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal Ners Midwifery) [Internet]. 2018 Dec 28;5(3):268–78. Available from: https://jnk.phb.ac.id/index.php/jnk/article/view/374
8. Bharti R, Dhillon P, Narzary PK. A spatial analysis of childhood stunting and its contextual correlates in India. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal [Internet]. 2019 Sep;7(3):488–95. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213398418301702
9. Nigatu D, Azage M, Motbainor A. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding cessation time on childhood morbidity and adverse nutritional outcomes in Ethiopia: Analysis of the demographic and health surveys. Ciccozzi M, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2019 Oct 2;14(10):e0223379. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223379
10. Purwanti R, Nurfita D. Review of Literature: Analysis Socio-Demographic Determinants Genesis Stunting In Toddlers in Various Developing Countries. Bul Penelit Kesehat [Internet]. 2019 Dec 20;47(3):153–64. Available from: http://ejournal2.litbang.kemkes.go.id/index.php/bpk/article/view/1349
11. Igbokwe O, Adimorah G, Ikefuna A, Ibeziako N, Ubesie A, Ekeh C, et al. Socio-demographic determinants of malnutrition among primary school aged children in Enugu, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J [Internet]. 2017;28:1–5. Available from: http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/28/248/full/
12. Akram R, Sultana M, Ali N, Sheikh N, Sarker AR. Prevalence and Determinants of Stunting Among Preschool Children and Its Urban–Rural Disparities in Bangladesh. Food Nutr Bull [Internet]. 2018 Dec 29;39(4):521–35. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0379572118794770
13. Das S, Chanani S, Shah More N, Osrin D, Pantvaidya S, Jayaraman A. Determinants of stunting among children under 2 years in urban informal settlements in Mumbai, India: evidence from a household census. J Heal Popul Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Dec 27;39(1):10. Available from: https://jhpn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41043-020-00222-x
14. Gami Sandi Untara IM, Somawati AV. Internalization of Character Education In Early Childhood In Hindu family in the village of Tabanan regency Timpag. Cetta J Ilmu Pendidik [Internet]. 2020 Jun 25;3(2):333–58. Available from: http://jayapanguspress.penerbit.org/index.php/cetta/article/view/458
15. Mugianti S, Mulyadi A, Anam AK. Factors causing Stunting children aged 25-60 months in Kota Blitar District Sukorejo. J Ners dan Kebidanan. 2018;5:268–78.
16. Kragel EA, Merz A, Flood DMN, Haven KE. Risk Factors for Stunting in Children under the Age of 5 in Rural Guatemalan Highlands. Ann Glob Heal [Internet]. 2020 Feb 3;86(1):1–5. Available from: https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2433/
17. Batiro B, Demissie T, Halala Y, Anjulo AA. Determinants of stunting among children aged 6-59 months at Kindo Didaye woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Unmatched case control study. Iturriza-Gómara M, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017 Dec 20;12(12):e0189106. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189106
18. Permatasari DF, Sumarmi S. Differences of Born Body Length, History of Infectious Diseases, and Development between Stunting and Non-Stunting Toddlers. J Berk Epidemiol [Internet]. 2018 Aug 30;6(2):182. Available from: https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JBE/article/view/8447
19. Danjin M, Adewoye SO, Sawyerr HO. Prevalence and Socio-demographic Determinants of Stunting among School Age Children (SAC) in Gombe State, Nigeria. J Adv Med Med Res [Internet]. 2020 Mar 12;32(3):22–34. Available from: http://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/30379
20. Efevbera Y, Bhabha J, Farmer PE, Fink G. Girl child marriage as a risk factor for early childhood development and stunting. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2017 Jul;185:91–101. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303283
21. Bommer C, Vollmer S, Subramanian S V. How socioeconomic status moderates the stunting-age relationship in low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Heal [Internet]. 2019 Feb 8;4(1):e001175. Available from: https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001175
22. Sarma H, Khan JR, Asaduzzaman M, Uddin F, Tarannum S, Hasan MM, et al. Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Stunting Among Children Aged Below Five Years in Bangladesh. Food Nutr Bull [Internet]. 2017 Sep 30;38(3):291–301. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0379572117710103
23. El Kishawi RR, Soo KL, Abed YA, Muda WAMW. Prevalence and associated factors influencing stunting in children aged 2–5 years in the Gaza Strip-Palestine: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr [Internet]. 2017 Dec 21;17(1):210. Available from: https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-017-0957-y
24. Lestari ED, Hasanah F, Nugroho NA. Correlation between non-exclusive breastfeeding and low birth weight to stunting in children. Paediatr Indones [Internet]. 2018 Jun 8;58(3):123–7. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/1140
25. Titaley CR, Ariawan I, Hapsari D, Muasyaroh A, Dibley MJ. Determinants of the Stunting of Children Under Two Years Old in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 May 18;11(5):1106. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31109058
26. Aini Q, Suhita BM, Anggraini NA. Analysis of Factors that Influence the Stunting Event in Toddlers in Public Health Center Gandusari Blitar District. J Qual Public Heal [Internet]. 2020 Nov 30;4(1):242–7. Available from: https://jqph.org/index.php/JQPH/article/view/158
27. Patil CL, Klima CS, Leshabari SC, Steffen AD, Pauls H, McGown M, et al. Randomized controlled pilot of a group antenatal care model and the sociodemographic factors associated with pregnancy-related empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2017 Nov 8;17(S2):336. Available from: https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1493-3
1. Arini HRB, Hadju V, Thomas P, Ferguson M. Nutrient and Food Intake of Indonesian Children Under 5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review. Asia Pacific J Public Heal [Internet]. 2022 Jan 12;34(1):25–35. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10105395211041001
2. Tanaka J, Yoshizawa K, Hirayama K, Karama M, Wanjihia V, Changoma MS, et al. Relationship between dietary patterns and stunting in preschool children: a cohort analysis from Kwale, Kenya. Public Health [Internet]. 2019 Aug;173:58–68. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003335061930160X
3. Schrijner S, Smits J. Grandparents and Children’s stunting in sub-Saharan Africa. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2018 May;205(October 2017):90–8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953618301552
4. Mustakim MRD, Irwanto, Irawan R, Irmawati M, Setyoboedi B. Impact of Stunting on Development of Children between 1-3 Years of Age. Ethiop J Health Sci [Internet]. 2022 May;32(3):569–78. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35813667
5. Dipasquale V, Cucinotta U, Romano C. Acute Malnutrition in Children: Pathophysiology, Clinical Effects and Treatment. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 Aug 12;12(8):2413. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32806622
6. Fenta HM, Workie DL, Zike DT, Taye BW, Swain PK. Determinants of stunting among under-five years children in Ethiopia from the 2016 Ethiopia demographic and Health Survey: Application of ordinal logistic regression model using complex sampling designs. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal [Internet]. 2020 Jun;8(2):404–13. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213398419303823
7. Mugianti S, Mulyadi A, Anam AK, Najah ZL. Causes of Stunting Children Age 25-60 Months in Kota Blitar District Sukorejo. J Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal Ners Midwifery) [Internet]. 2018 Dec 28;5(3):268–78. Available from: https://jnk.phb.ac.id/index.php/jnk/article/view/374
8. Bharti R, Dhillon P, Narzary PK. A spatial analysis of childhood stunting and its contextual correlates in India. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal [Internet]. 2019 Sep;7(3):488–95. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213398418301702
9. Nigatu D, Azage M, Motbainor A. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding cessation time on childhood morbidity and adverse nutritional outcomes in Ethiopia: Analysis of the demographic and health surveys. Ciccozzi M, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2019 Oct 2;14(10):e0223379. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223379
10. Purwanti R, Nurfita D. Review of Literature: Analysis Socio-Demographic Determinants Genesis Stunting In Toddlers in Various Developing Countries. Bul Penelit Kesehat [Internet]. 2019 Dec 20;47(3):153–64. Available from: http://ejournal2.litbang.kemkes.go.id/index.php/bpk/article/view/1349
11. Igbokwe O, Adimorah G, Ikefuna A, Ibeziako N, Ubesie A, Ekeh C, et al. Socio-demographic determinants of malnutrition among primary school aged children in Enugu, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J [Internet]. 2017;28:1–5. Available from: http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/28/248/full/
12. Akram R, Sultana M, Ali N, Sheikh N, Sarker AR. Prevalence and Determinants of Stunting Among Preschool Children and Its Urban–Rural Disparities in Bangladesh. Food Nutr Bull [Internet]. 2018 Dec 29;39(4):521–35. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0379572118794770
13. Das S, Chanani S, Shah More N, Osrin D, Pantvaidya S, Jayaraman A. Determinants of stunting among children under 2 years in urban informal settlements in Mumbai, India: evidence from a household census. J Heal Popul Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Dec 27;39(1):10. Available from: https://jhpn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41043-020-00222-x
14. Gami Sandi Untara IM, Somawati AV. Internalization of Character Education In Early Childhood In Hindu family in the village of Tabanan regency Timpag. Cetta J Ilmu Pendidik [Internet]. 2020 Jun 25;3(2):333–58. Available from: http://jayapanguspress.penerbit.org/index.php/cetta/article/view/458
15. Mugianti S, Mulyadi A, Anam AK. Factors causing Stunting children aged 25-60 months in Kota Blitar District Sukorejo. J Ners dan Kebidanan. 2018;5:268–78.
16. Kragel EA, Merz A, Flood DMN, Haven KE. Risk Factors for Stunting in Children under the Age of 5 in Rural Guatemalan Highlands. Ann Glob Heal [Internet]. 2020 Feb 3;86(1):1–5. Available from: https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2433/
17. Batiro B, Demissie T, Halala Y, Anjulo AA. Determinants of stunting among children aged 6-59 months at Kindo Didaye woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Unmatched case control study. Iturriza-Gómara M, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017 Dec 20;12(12):e0189106. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189106
18. Permatasari DF, Sumarmi S. Differences of Born Body Length, History of Infectious Diseases, and Development between Stunting and Non-Stunting Toddlers. J Berk Epidemiol [Internet]. 2018 Aug 30;6(2):182. Available from: https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JBE/article/view/8447
19. Danjin M, Adewoye SO, Sawyerr HO. Prevalence and Socio-demographic Determinants of Stunting among School Age Children (SAC) in Gombe State, Nigeria. J Adv Med Med Res [Internet]. 2020 Mar 12;32(3):22–34. Available from: http://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/30379
20. Efevbera Y, Bhabha J, Farmer PE, Fink G. Girl child marriage as a risk factor for early childhood development and stunting. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2017 Jul;185:91–101. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303283
21. Bommer C, Vollmer S, Subramanian S V. How socioeconomic status moderates the stunting-age relationship in low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Heal [Internet]. 2019 Feb 8;4(1):e001175. Available from: https://gh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001175
22. Sarma H, Khan JR, Asaduzzaman M, Uddin F, Tarannum S, Hasan MM, et al. Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Stunting Among Children Aged Below Five Years in Bangladesh. Food Nutr Bull [Internet]. 2017 Sep 30;38(3):291–301. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0379572117710103
23. El Kishawi RR, Soo KL, Abed YA, Muda WAMW. Prevalence and associated factors influencing stunting in children aged 2–5 years in the Gaza Strip-Palestine: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr [Internet]. 2017 Dec 21;17(1):210. Available from: https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-017-0957-y
24. Lestari ED, Hasanah F, Nugroho NA. Correlation between non-exclusive breastfeeding and low birth weight to stunting in children. Paediatr Indones [Internet]. 2018 Jun 8;58(3):123–7. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/1140
25. Titaley CR, Ariawan I, Hapsari D, Muasyaroh A, Dibley MJ. Determinants of the Stunting of Children Under Two Years Old in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 May 18;11(5):1106. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31109058
26. Aini Q, Suhita BM, Anggraini NA. Analysis of Factors that Influence the Stunting Event in Toddlers in Public Health Center Gandusari Blitar District. J Qual Public Heal [Internet]. 2020 Nov 30;4(1):242–7. Available from: https://jqph.org/index.php/JQPH/article/view/158
27. Patil CL, Klima CS, Leshabari SC, Steffen AD, Pauls H, McGown M, et al. Randomized controlled pilot of a group antenatal care model and the sociodemographic factors associated with pregnancy-related empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2017 Nov 8;17(S2):336. Available from: https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1493-3
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